Things To Know About Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, stands as a testament to the grandeur and sophistication of medieval Sri Lankan civilization. Serving as the island's capital from the 11th to the 13th centuries, this ancient city is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, exquisite art, and rich history.

Historical Background

Polonnaruwa became the capital of Sri Lanka following the decline of Anuradhapura, which was weakened by repeated South Indian invasions. The city rose to prominence under the reign of King Vijayabahu I, who expelled the Chola invaders and restored the island's sovereignty. However, it was under his successor, King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 CE), that Polonnaruwa reached its zenith. His reign marked a golden age of prosperity, architectural innovation, and extensive irrigation projects.

Architectural And Cultural Highlights

Polonnaruwa's ruins reflect a blend of Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles, highlighting the city's multicultural heritage. Some of the most notable sites include:

• The Royal Palace: Built by King Parakramabahu I, the Royal Palace was a grand structure with several floors and over a thousand rooms. Today, its remains offer a glimpse into the opulence and scale of the medieval Sinhalese court.
• Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa): This sacred precinct houses several important religious structures, including:
  • The Vatadage: A circular relic house with intricate stone carvings and Buddha statues, regarded as one of the finest examples of Sinhalese architecture.
  • Thuparama Image House: This building contains a large, well-preserved seated Buddha statue and impressive interior stonework.
  • Nissanka Latha Mandapaya: An elegant pavilion with unique stone columns carved to resemble lotus stalks.
• Gal Vihara: One of Polonnaruwa's most iconic sites, Gal Vihara features four magnificent Buddha statues carved into a single granite rock face. These statues, depicting the Buddha in sitting, standing, and reclining postures, are masterpieces of Sinhalese rock carving.
• Parakrama Samudra: An enormous artificial reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I, this "Sea of Parakrama" showcases the advanced engineering skills of ancient Sri Lankan civilization. It continues to provide water for irrigation and supports local agriculture.
• Rankoth Vehera: A large stupa built by King Nissanka Malla, it stands as a prominent symbol of the city's religious significance. Its massive structure and serene surroundings make it a notable site for both worship and tourism.
• Shiva Devalaya: Polonnaruwa is also home to several Hindu temples, such as the Shiva Devalaya No. 1 and No. 2, reflecting the city's diverse cultural and religious heritage during its peak.

Cultural Significance

Polonnaruwa is a symbol of Sri Lanka's medieval glory and its role as a center of Buddhist scholarship and art. The city’s well-preserved ruins offer valuable insights into the social, cultural, and technological advancements of the time. The integration of Buddhist and Hindu elements in its architecture and art underscores the cultural amalgamation that characterized the period.

Modern-Day Polonnaruwa

Today, Polonnaruwa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination in Sri Lanka. Visitors can explore the extensive ruins, which are spread over a large area and are best navigated by bicycle or on foot. The Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa provides additional context and showcases artifacts discovered at the site.

Efforts to preserve and restore the ruins are ongoing, ensuring that the historical and cultural heritage of Polonnaruwa remains intact for future generations. The city continues to attract scholars, historians, and tourists, all eager to delve into its rich past and marvel at its architectural splendor.